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We report granulomatous lymphadenitis in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Portugal caused by coinfection with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, as demonstrated by molecular methods.

In humans, Nocardia species have the potential to cause localised or disseminated infection (Cooper and others 2014). This genus has previously been detected in wild ungulates (Vemireddi and others 2007, Domenis and others 2009) but not in wild boar (Sus scrofa). Although hundreds of ungulates are hunted in the Iberian Peninsula annually, no case of nocardiosis from wild boar has been reported.

A total of 49 road-killed red foxes were used for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) in Portugal. MTC infection was detected by PCR in 10 red foxes (20.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.8-31.2%) and confirmed in three (6.1%; 95% CI 0.0-7.9%) of them by microbiological culture. The complex was detected in 20 tissues out of 441 by PCR techniques (4.5%; 95% CI 16.3-23.7%) and in seven tissues out of 441 (1.6%; 95% CI 4.6-9.4%) by culture. MTC was most frequently detected in the brain (8.2%) and in the mediastinal lymph nodes (8.2%). The seven cultures obtained were positive for M. bovis by PCR-based genotyping of the MTC targeting genomic deletions. This study confirms the presence of disseminated M. bovis in red foxes in Portugal, and it is the first report in the world of the natural infection in the animals' brains.

Mycobacterium bovis in an egyptian mongoose.

Prevalência da infeção de Mycobacterium bovis em quatro famílias de carnívoros selvagens em Portugal.

Epidemiologia do Complexo Mycobacterium avium em mamíferos selvagens em Portugal. Uma abordagem molecular.

Tuberculose disseminada com manifestações cerebrais, pulmonares, ganglionares e intestinais em raposas.