Adjuvantes para betão
David, José
1999
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92 records were found.
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Comunicação da qual só está disponível o resumo.
Poster apresentado no II Congreso Ibérico de Epidemiologia Veterinária, que decorreu em Barcelona, na FVUAB de 2 a 5 de Fevereiro de 2010.
Comunicação oral apresentada no III Congresso da Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciências Veterinárias que decorreu em Santarém, na Estação Zootécnica Nacional.
Poster apresentado no Congresso Internacional de Análises Clínicas e Saúde Pública,promovido pela Escola Superior de Saúde do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco e que obteve o prémio de melhor poster.
Poster apresentado no IX Congresso Ibérico de Parasitologia que decorreu em Coimbra, na Universidade, de 25 a 28 de Outubro de 2005.
Poster apresentado no VI Congresso da Ordem dos Médicos Veterinários que decorreu em Lisboa de 3 a 5 de Outubro de 2009.
Comunicação oral da qual só está disponível o resumo.
Sero-epidemiological study of canine leishmaniosis in the Cova da Beira Region.
A retrospective serologic survey was conducted for antibodies against MAC in a random sample of 623
free-rang- ing wild mammals killed on roads and by hunters, or found dead in east-central Portugal.
Animals were tested for antibodies to Mycobacterium avium complex with a commercial enzyme linked
assay. The seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium complex infection was 4.7% (n=29; CI 95%: 25.4 -
32.7%). Antibodies against MAC were detected in 4 out of 11 animal species included in this study,
consisted of 1/42 red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (2.4%; CI 95%: 0.0-4.0%), 1/6 Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra)
(16.7%), 1/3 European badger (Meles meles) (33.3%), and 26/109 wild boar (Sus scro- fa) (23.9%; CI
95%: 17.8-34.2%). Infection was found in three taxonomic families: 2.4% (CI 95%: 0.0-4.0%) in Canidae,
16.7% (CI 95%: 0.0-37.8%) in Mustelidae, and 23.9% (CI 95%: 17.8-34.2%) in Suidae. No positive sera
were found in the common genet, Egyptian mongoose, beech marten, hedgehog, wild rabbit, red deer or
fallow deer. Results of the present study indicate that antibodies against MAC were present in wild
carnivores and wild boars in Iberian Peninsula. According to the test sensitivity and speci city claimed by
the manufacturer, the true prevalence Mycobacterium avium complex infection among wild mammals in
the Iberian Peninsula was calculated to be between 10.7% and 13.6%.
Análise da variabilidade genética em cervídeos através de ISSRS.
Só se encontra disponível o resumo.
Selecção de primers para análise molecular, através de RAPDs e ISSRs, de animais das famílias Cervidae e Suidae.
Mycobacteria from the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) cause a variety of diseases including tuberculosis-like disease in humans and birds, disseminated infections in AIDS patients and otherwise immunocompromised patients, lymphadenitis in humans and mammals and paratuberculosis in ruminants. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the etiologic agent of Johne´s disease in cattle and it has been identified in human patients with Crohn’s disease. The MAC comprises slow growing mycobacteria that are ubiquitous in the environment (soil and water), and have a wide source range, causing disease in various domestic and wild mammals and birds [1].
The aim of this study was to discuss the classification and biology, epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology, diagnostic techniques, and public health concerns in Mycobacterium avium complex in domestic and wild animals.
Os testes para diagnóstico da COVID-19 são uma
das maiores armas que a Humanidade tem de se
apetrechar para conseguir conter a pandemia,
pois estes irão permitir identificar os portadores e
naturalmente isolá-los de contatos com outros Seres
Humanos e assim conter as cadeias de transmissão.
Mas a capacidade destes testes, nomeadamente
no que diz respeito aos seus valores intrínsecos
(sensibilidade e especificidade) e extrínsecos
(valores preditos positivo e negativo), em função
da prevalência da doença, é fundamental, para a
obtenção de uma melhor precisão dos resultados e
definição de um plano estratégico de testagem. A
eventual inexistência de um teste “gold standard”
é uma das maiores limitações para já. Assim, com
este trabalho, pretendemos fazer uma análise
da capacidade de diagnóstico destes testes e da
importância que os mesmos podem ter para o
combate à pandemia causada pelo SARS-CoV-2.
Comunicação oral apresentada nas III Jornadas de Inspecção Sanitária, realizadas em 15 de Maio de 2010, em Vila Real, na Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro.
Poster apresentado nas III Jornadas de Inspecção Sanitária que decorreram em 15 de Maio de 2010 em Vila Real, na Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro.
Poster apresentado no VI Congresso da Ordem dos Médicos Veterinários que decorreu em Lisboa, de 3 a 5 de Outubro de 2009.
Poster apresentado nas I Jornadas de Saúde Pública Veterinária que decorreram em 29 de Maio de 2010, em Vila Real, na Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro.
Poster apresentado nas III Jornadas de Inspecção Sanitária que decorreram em Vila Real, na Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro em 15 de Maio de 2010.
Poster apresentado nas IV Jornadas de Genética, realizadas na UTAD, Vila Real, nos dias 1,2 e 3 de Março de 2012.
The aim of this study was to describe histopathological aspects observed in mesenteric lymph nodes
collected from 60 hunter-killed deer (Cervus elaphus)
during the 2009-2010 hunting seasons. Each sample
was fixed in 10% buffered formalin and processed by
the standard methods.
We report granulomatous lymphadenitis in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Portugal caused by coinfection with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, as demonstrated by molecular methods.
In humans, Nocardia species have the
potential to cause localised or disseminated
infection (Cooper and others 2014). This
genus has previously been detected in
wild ungulates (Vemireddi and others
2007, Domenis and others 2009) but
not in wild boar (Sus scrofa). Although
hundreds of ungulates are hunted in
the Iberian Peninsula annually, no case
of nocardiosis from wild boar has been
reported.
Só se encontra disponível o resumo
A total of 49 road-killed red foxes were used for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) in Portugal. MTC infection was detected by PCR in 10 red foxes (20.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.8-31.2%) and confirmed in three (6.1%; 95% CI 0.0-7.9%) of them by microbiological culture. The complex was detected in 20 tissues out of 441 by PCR techniques (4.5%; 95% CI 16.3-23.7%) and in seven tissues out of 441 (1.6%; 95% CI 4.6-9.4%) by culture. MTC was most frequently detected in the brain (8.2%) and in the mediastinal lymph nodes (8.2%). The seven cultures obtained were positive for M. bovis by PCR-based genotyping of the MTC targeting genomic deletions. This study confirms the presence of disseminated M. bovis in red foxes in Portugal, and it is the first report in the world of the natural infection in the animals' brains.
A survey to determine the occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in wild carnivores in Portugal was conducted by testing samples from road-killed animals between 2009 and 2012. Postmortem examinations were performed and tissues were collected from wild carnivores representing four families and six different species, with a total of 74 animals analyzed. Cultures were performed by using Löwenstein-Jensen and Middlebrook 7H11 solid media and acid-fast isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and mycobactin dependency characteristics. Tissues were also screened for MAP by directly extracting DNA and testing for the MAP-specific sequences. The occurrence of infected animals (an animal had at least one tissue that was positive for culture or direct PCR) was 27.0% (n = 20). MAP was isolated from culture of 25 tissue samples (3.8%) and was detected by direct PCR in 40 (6.0%) samples. Infection was recorded in 5/6 studied species: 7/49 (14.3%) red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 3/3 (100%) beech martens (Martes foina), 2/4 (50.0%) Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra), 7/15 (46.7%) Egyptian mongooses (Herpestes ichneumon), and 1/1 (100%) European badger (Meles meles). These species represent three different taxonomic families: Canidae (14.3% were positive), Mustelidae (75.0% were positive), and Herpestidae (46.7% were positive). The results of this study confirm the presence of MAP infection in wild carnivores in Portugal.
Estudo da diversidade genética de Mycobacterium bovis obtidos em mamíferos selvagens.
Pulmonary lesions consistent with disseminated adiaspiromycosis in Egyptian mongooses (Herpestes ichneumon) from Portugal.
The prevalence of caseous-calcareous nodules in
mesenteric lymph nodes of wild boar (Sus scrofa) and
deer (Cervus elaphus) was studied from October 2009
to January 2010 in 228 animals (126 wild boars and
102 deer) hunted in Castelo Branco region.
Só se encontra disponível o resumo.
Deteção molecular de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis em raposas-vermelhas (Vulpes vulpes).
Pulmonary lesions consistent with disseminated adiaspiromycosis in egyptian mongooses (Herpestes ichneumon) from Portugal.
Mycobacterium bovis in an egyptian mongoose.
Disseminated Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections were found in two Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra, L. 1758) killed by vehicular trauma in February and March 2010 in Castelo Branco, Portugal. At postmortem examination, the organs showed no significant gross alterations; however, microscopically, both animals had diffuse lymphadenitis with macrophage infiltration and deposition of hyaline material in the center of the lymphoid follicles. Acid-fast organisms were isolated from gastrointestinal tissue samples via bacteriologic culture. These organisms were identified as M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis by IS900 polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Additionally, direct IS900 PCR-positive results were obtained for multiple organs of both animals. This is the first report of MAP infection of otters in Portugal.
Serosurvey of Mycobacterium avium Complex in wild boars in Portugal.
Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in road killed wild carnivores in Portugal.
Deteção molecular de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis em duas lontras (Lutra lutra, Linnaeus, 1758).
Laboratório de Parasitologia.
Several studies have demonstrated that wildlife reservoirs of mycobacteria are responsible for the maintenance and spreading of the infection to livestock and wildlife counterparts. Recent data report the role of wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a reservoir for Mycobacterium bovis. This study was conducted to evaluate the chronic inflammatory response in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of wild boar with granulomatous lymphadenitis (n=30). Morphological parameters of the lesions were recorded. The expression of CD3 and CD79α molecules was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Molecular genotyping and culture to identify mycobacteria were performed. The lesions consisted mainly of stage III and stage IV granulomas. CD3 and CD79α positive cells were observed in 15 (50%) and in 11 (36.6%) MLN, respectively. In these lesions, higher percentages of T lymphocytes were found and a limited number of animals exhibited a tendency for an increased percentage of B lymphocytes. Our results suggest that there are similar percentages and distribution patterns of CD3 and CD79α in the lesions, regardless of the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), M. bovis or Map-M. bovis co-infection, and confirm that wild boar is both susceptible and could be an important Map and M. bovis wild reservoir in the study area.
Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting both domestic and wild ruminants. The present work is part of a wider set of studies designed to assess the prevalence of paratuberculosis in free ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus). With that purpose, 877 free-ranging red deer legally hunted in the Centre-eastern Portugal were submitted to necropsy and sampled for molecular methods, microbiology and histopathology. Thirty-seven (4.2%) kidneys revealed acid-fast bacilli when screened with the Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Map was detected by IS900 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in thirty (81.1%) of the Ziehl-Neelsen positive kidneys. Subsequent PCR and/or culture from the different organs of the 37 examined animals allowed us to detect 86.4% (32 animals) infected red deer. Our results suggest that renal involvement in Map infected deer may be underdiagnosed and thus the routine examination of this organ and its inclusion in PCR techniques designed for Map detection could substantially improve the diagnostic of paratuberculosis in red deer.
The Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) causes infections and diseases in humans, birds, livestock, and wildlife, among others. In dogs, MAC infection is not frequent; however, due to its potential zoonotic characteristics, mainly in immunocompromised patients, the study of MAC epidemiology is necessary. The aim of this work was to perform a study to detect the presence of antibodies against MAC in serum samples of 53 hunting dogs in the Idanha-a-Nova municipality of East-Central Portugal. A total of 23 dogs were seropositive by commercial ELISA test (43.4%, 95% CI: 30.1%–56.7%). Factors such as age, breed, and sex were not significant. The results of the current study indicate that further investigations about the diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of the MAC in dogs must be carried out to highlight its significance in animal and public health.
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A segurança dos alimentos deve ser assegurada ao longo do processo
de produção, desde a primeira etapa que assenta na produção primária. As
questões de segurança alimentar, a globalização, a internacionalização dos
mercados e fundamentalmente a preocupação dos consumidores em relação aos
riscos alimentares, torna fundamental a adoção de sistemas de garantia de
segurança e de qualidade alimentar. Um sistema de garantia de qualidade e de
segurança alimentar deve representar uma ferramenta de gestão e de vigilância e
deve possuir necessariamente qualidades que o tornem relevantes para o produtor.
A legislação na União Europeia obrigou à introdução do sistema HACCP (Hazard
Analysis and Critical Control Points) ao longo de toda a cadeia de produção, mas a
sua adoção pela produção primária não tem sido consensual. Neste artigo
analisam-se as questões associadas à aplicação do sistema HACCP na produção
primária com preponderância para a análise de riscos e implicações na saúde
animal.
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A obra é constituída pelos resumos das comunicações apresentadas pelos docentes da Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco e são referentes aos projetos de investigação nos quais estão envolvidos.
Talaromyces marneffei is a thermally dimorphic fungus that is endemic in some parts of Asia causing a fatal systemic mycosis in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of T. marneffei in the fur of wild mammals in Portugal.
Mycobacterial species are raising serious concerns in livestock and wild animals worldwide. In wildlife, mycobacterial infection has been reported in hundreds of species and likely has the potential to occur in every vertebrate. Since this infection is of a chronic nature the best strategy to control the infection is through early identification of infected animals, and better diagnostic measures are required for effective control programs.
With the development of new molecular methods for detecting and characterizing microorganisms, the ecology of mycobacteria has rapidly advanced in all areas. In human medicine, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are accepted diagnostic standards, replacing or complementing culture isolation and acid-fast staining.
The mycobacterial species that produce tuberculosis in humans and animals are included in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Mycobacteria from the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) cause a variety of diseases including tuberculosis-like disease in humans and birds, disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients, lymphadenitis in humans and mammals and paratuberculosis in ruminants.
This manuscript is a review of the scientific literature on the classification and biology, epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology, diagnostic techniques, and public health concerns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complexes in wild mammals.
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A doninha (Mustela nivalis) é um pequeno carnívoro, de espécie autóctone e protegida1, cuja entrada em Centros de Recuperação de Animais Selvagens não é frequente. Desta forma, torna-se pertinente a descrição dos cuidados de enfermagem veterinária aplicados na recuperação de uma cria desta espécie, que deu entrada no CERAS – Centro de Estudos e Recuperação de Animais Selvagens – com cerca de 10 dias de idade e 20 gramas de peso.
O acompanhamento do desenvolvimento da cria é um dos papéis a desempenhar pelo Enfermeiro Veterinário, sobretudo ao nível da alimentação (desde as refeições com leite de substituição, o desmame, a introdução gradual de novos alimentos e o treino de caça), higiene e desenvolvimento comportamental (prevenção de imprinting e estímulo sociocognitivo). A monitorização do crescimento da cria foi feita através de ferramentas como controlo do peso e da temperatura corporal, exame visual e exame coprológico.
A evolução do peso corporal foi positiva, com um ganho médio diário de 1,21g e um peso final de 95g. O exame coprológico detetou a presença de oocistos de Eimeria spp. (1800 opg), ovos (1150 Opg) e formas larvares (50 Lpg) de Strongyloides spp.
Uma das maiores exigências na prestação destes cuidados foi corresponder às elevadas necessidades energéticas características desta espécie2. Ainda assim, a recuperação foi bem-sucedida e culminou com a libertação da doninha, fisicamente saudável e exibindo os comportamentos naturais da espécie, apenas 2 meses após a entrada no CERAS.
A elaboração deste manual técnico teve como principal objetivo o apoio a estudantes, docentes e investigadores nas áreas da microbiologia, biologia molecular e biotecnologia, médicos e enfermeiros veterinários e pessoal técnico de laboratório.
O conteúdo do presente trabalho representa a compilação de metodologias e informações sob a forma de consulta rápida.
Espera-se que seja um instrumento útil, pretendendo fornecer conhecimento prático que sirva de guia a todos os interessados em desenvolver boas práticas de biossegurança em laboratórios de microbiologia e biologia molecular.
Assim, esta publicação pedagógica tem como objetivo principal constituir um manual útil para todos os utilizadores de laboratórios de microbiologia e biologia molecular.
O diagnóstico histoquímico de micobacterioses, através da visualização de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR), em esfregaços corados mediante a técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen, a partir de amostras de tecidos, é considerada como uma boa técnica de diagnóstico presuntivo. Neste estudo pretendeu-se avaliar a frequência de visualização de BAAR em rim e gânglios linfáticos mesentéricos com lesões granulomatosas em veados (Cervus elaphus) e javalis (Sus scrofa). Os esfregaços de cada órgão foram efectuados sobre uma lâmina de vidro e as preparações foram coradas de acordo com o método de Ziehl-Neelsen.
Dos 91 esfregaços de gânglios mesentéricos analisados, 46 (50,5%) mostraram BAAR compatíveis, sendo classificados como positivos. Vinte e dois esfregaços de rim dos 25 analisados (88%) apresentaram BAAR. Dos 25 animais, em que foram observados simultaneamente esfregaços de gânglios mesentéricos e rim, 15 (60%) apresentaram resultados coincidentes. Em javalis, a frequência de esfregaços, classificados como positivos, foi de 76,2% (32/42) e em veados de 48,6% (36/74).
Neste estudo, o rim revelou-se o órgão com maior frequência de visualização de BAAR, e o javali como a espécie animal que apresentou maior percentagem de resultados positivos.
ranulomatous sesions and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Portuguese wild boars (Sus scrofa).
Diffuse lymphadenitis and disseminated Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in two wild Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra L. 1758).
Prevalência da infeção de Mycobacterium bovis em quatro famílias de carnívoros selvagens em Portugal.
Epidemiologia do Complexo Mycobacterium avium em mamíferos selvagens em Portugal. Uma abordagem molecular.
Só está disponível o resumo
Tuberculose disseminada com manifestações cerebrais, pulmonares, ganglionares e intestinais em raposas.
Diffuse lymphadenitis and disseminated Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in two wild eurasian otters (Lutra lutra L. 1758).
Renal lesions in deer (Cervus elaphus) - Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis involvelment.
Granulomatous lesions and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in portuguese wild boars (Sus scrofa).
Primeiro caso de deteção de Talaromyces marneffei em amostras nasais de humanos.
Primeiro caso de deteção de Talaromyces marneffei num felino.
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Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting both domestic and wild ruminants. The present work is part of a wider set of studies designed to assess the prevalence of paratuberculosis in free ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus). With that purpose, 877 free-ranging red deer legally hunted in the Centre-eastern Portugal were submitted to necropsy and sampled for molecular methods, microbiology and histopathology. Thirty-seven (4.2%) kidneys revealed acid-fast bacilli when screened with the Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Map was detected by IS900 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in thirty (81.1%) of the Ziehl-Neelsen positive kidneys. Subsequent PCR and/or culture from the different organs of the 37 examined animals allowed us to detect 86.4% (32 animals) infected red deer. Our results suggest that renal involvement in Map infected deer may be underdiagnosed and thus the routine examination of this organ and its inclusion in PCR techniques designed for Map detection could substantially improve the diagnostic of paratuberculosis in red deer.
Despite the high prevalence of canine Leishmania infantum infection in Portugal, significant differences associated with different risk factors can be found between geographically contiguous areas. In this study, a geographical area within the central region of Portugal (municipalities of Proença-a-Nova, Mação and Vila de Rei) was investigated. An epidemiological survey involved the analysis by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of serum samples collected during the anti-rabies vaccination campaign from 282 dogs. Geospatial analysis showed the distribution of geospatial prevalence of leishmaniosis and has delimited two areas (clusters) with a statistically significant higher risk of seropositivity in dogs (p = 0.003 and p = 0.027, for clusters 1 and 2, respectively). The highest seroprevalence (56.0%; CI: 41.2-70.0) was found in Vila de Rei. Five land occupation types showed a possible influence on the geographic distribution of seropositivity, with statistically significant differences between seropositive and seronegative dogs. Land occupied by temporary irrigated crops (p = 0.026), olive groves (p = 0.013), complex cultural systems and parcelling (p = 0.021), open forests, logging and new plantations (p = 0.043) and watercourses (p = 0.012) influenced the geographical distribution of canine Leishmania infection. Seropositive dogs had a greater average area of occupied land (i.e. open forests, logging and new plantations) than the seronegative ones (3.1439 km2 versus 2.5650 km2, respectively; p = 0.043).
We report a case of Talaromyces marneffei skin infection in an Egyptian mongoose ( Herpestes ichneumon) in Portugal. The isolated fungus was identified through its mycologic characteristics, morphology, and PCR amplification.
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The Genetics and Biotechnology Conference (JGB) of the University of Tras-os-Montes
and Alto Douro (UTAD) is an annual scientific event organized jointly by the Nucleus of
Students of Genetics and Biotechnology (ADNGB) of UTAD and the Direction of the
Course of Genetics and Biotechnology in collaboration with the teaching staff of the
Department of Genetics and Biotechnology (DGB). As a result of the scientificpedagogical partnership established between professors of DGB (UTAD) and of Faculty
of Biological and Environmental Sciences of the University of León (UL), Spain, it was
considered important to repeat the shared organization of this event between
professors and students of the UTAD and UL designating it as XII Genetics and
Biotechnology Conference / II Genetics and Biotechnology Iberian Conference (XII JGB /
II JIGB). The main objective of the XII JGB /II JIGB is to update knowledge in the area of
Genetics and Biotechnology. To this end, the focus of this event is the conferences given
by renowned national and international scientists and the thematic workshops that will
constitute more practical sessions. The XII JGB /II JIGB will also focus on interaction,
exchange of experiences and scientific debates between Portuguese and Spanish
students and professors. The best oral and posters presentations will be awarded. The
target audience is Portuguese and Spanish students, researchers and university
professors from the scientific areas of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology as well as
High School teachers from the Biology area. A wide variety of topics will be discussed, in
the different areas of Genetics and Biotechnology, such as Plant, Animal, Human,
Microbial, Evolutionary, Cancer, Forensic, Ethics, Entrepreneurship, among others.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi efetuar a identificação dos diferentes géneros fúngicos
provenientes do pelo de 58 ungulados de diferentes regiões de Portugal. Os animais em
estudo foram 32 javalis, 24 veados e 2 corços.
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Among the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids is now the rising concern within Europe. CWD will be outlined in this chapter gathering its epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, genetics, and control. Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein (PrPc), usually designated by PrPsc or prion. CWD is a prion disease of natural transmission affecting cervids detected mainly in North America. The first European case was detected in Norway, in 2016, in a wild reindeer; until April 2018, a total of 23 cases were described. The definite diagnosis is postmortem, performed in target areas of the brain and lymph nodes. Samples are first screened using a rapid test and, if positive, confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblotting. It is not possible to establish a culling plan based on the genotype, once affected animals appear with all genotypes. However, some polymorphisms seem to result in longer incubation periods or confer a reduced risk. The control is not easy in captive cervids and even more in the wildlife; some recommendations have been proposed in order to understand the danger and impact of CWD on animal and public health.
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Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases are a fatal group of infectious, inherited and spontaneous neurodegenerative diseases affecting human and animals. They are caused by the conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a misfolded pathological isoform (PrPSc or prion- proteinaceous infectious particle) that self-propagates by conformational conversion of PrPC. Yet by an unknown mechanism, PrPC can fold into different PrPSc conformers that may result in different prion strains that display specific disease phenotype (incubation time, clinical signs and lesion profile). Although the pathways for neurodegeneration as well as the involvement of brain inflammation in these diseases are not well understood, the spongiform changes, neuronal loss, gliosis and accumulation of PrPSc are the characteristic neuropathological lesions. Scrapie affecting small ruminants was the first identified TSE and has been considered the archetype of prion diseases, though atypical and new animal prion diseases continue to emerge highlighting the importance to investigate the lesion profile in naturally affected animals. In this report, we review the neuropathology and the neuroinflammation of animal prion diseases in natural hosts from scrapie, going through the zoonotic bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the chronic wasting disease (CWD) to the newly identified camel prion disease (CPD).
Wasting disease in small ruminants is frequently detected at slaughterhouses. The wasting disorder is manifested by the deterioration of the nutritional and physiological state of the animal indicated by thinness, emaciation, and cachexia. Evidence of emaciation and cachexia, alone, are pathological conditions leading to carcass condemnation during an inspection. Several diseases are associated with a wasting condition, including scrapie, pseudotuberculosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, Maedi Visna, and tumor diseases. On the other hand, parasitic diseases, nutrition disorders, exposure or ingestion of toxins, metabolic conditions, inadequate nutrition due to poor teeth, or poor alimentary diet are conditions contributing to poor body condition. Classical and atypical scrapie is naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in small ruminants. The etiological agent for each one is prions. However, each of these scrapie types is epidemiologically, pathologically, and biochemically different. Though atypical scrapie occurs at low incidence, it is consistently prevalent in the small ruminant population. Hence, it is advisable to include differential diagnosis of this disease, from other possibilities, as a cause of wasting conditions detected during meat inspection at the abattoir. This manuscript is a review of the measures in force at the abattoir for scrapie control, focusing on the differential diagnosis of gross lesions related to wasting conditions detected in small ruminants during meat inspection.
Estimating sequence diversity of prion protein gene (PRNP) in portuguese populations of two cervid species: Red Deer and Fallow Deer
